Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints, which gradually erodes the cartilage and bone.
The agents of destruction include inflammatory cells, cytokines, and protein-degrading enzymes known as matrix metalloproteinases ( MMPs ).
The vicious cycle begins when inflammatory cells infiltrate the tissue lining the joints and consume excess oxygen.
In addition to unleashing MMPs, the oxidative stress provokes non-enzymatic glycation – a chemical binding of sugar molecules and proteins. Telltale signs of glycation have been found in blood, urine, and synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients.

The primary protein in cartilage, Type II Collagen ( CII ) is crucial to joint health and function. Yet, the involvement of CII in the process of joint inflammation has proven difficult to substantiate. To gain a clearer understanding of CII's role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, researchers at Queen Mary, University of London and others studied its behavior within an inflamed joint, when modified by oxidants linked to inflammation or by ribose, a five-carbon sugar common to all living cells.

For their investigation, the researchers collected blood serum samples from 31 rheumatoid arthritis patients. Between the ages of 65 to 93 years, the patients had disease in varying stages and were receiving different treatments.
For control purposes, serum samples were also collected from 41 patients with other inflammatory joint diseases, including osteoarthritis and lupus, as well as back pain, osteoporosis, and gout. Both rheumatoid arthritis and non-RA samples were analyzed for their ability to bind to pure and natural CII, obtained from bovine cartilage, and to CII that had been chemically modified.
The modified CII included three oxidants present in the rheumatic joint – hydroxyl radical, hypochlorous acid, and peroxynitrite – and ribose.
The results were evaluated by a state-of-the-art 3-D fluorescent profile, followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay ( ELISA ) and Western blotting.

Of the 31 rheumatoid arthritis serum samples analyzed, only 3 showed antibody binding to natural CII – affirming this protein as an innocent bystander in autoimmunity and its inflammatory toll on the joints.
However, the percentage of samples that exhibited antibody binding increased 4-fold when tested with modified CII.
In fact, 45 percent of all rheumatoid arthritis samples were assessed with moderate to strong antibody binding reactions. CII treated with hypochlorous acid was the most reactive, followed by CII treated with peroxynitrite, glycation, and hydroxyl radical, respectively. In contrast, only 1 non- rheumatoid arthritis sample showed strong antibody binding to modified CII.

" The present findings support the possibility that chemical modification of self antigens, in rheumatoid arthritis in particular and in inflammation in general, is the cause of formation of neoepitopes," reflects the study's leading author, Ahuva Nissim. " We propose that the oxidative modification of CII creates a CII autoantigen." This hypothesis has important implications for the further study and enhanced understanding of the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis.

Source: Arthritis & Rheumatism, 2005


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